Welcome to Sun Nova & Earth Crust Displacement - Join the Grendelcat for an overview of the evidence surrounding these ideas across a wide range of disciplines.  Oh and by the way . . . . Happy shortest day ever as far as we know.  Should we celebrate?  Or um . . .

[Last Update: May 29th, 2023.  Last Overhaul: November 8th, 2021]

Do These Armageddons Cooperate?

     Nova - Stellar Novae were among the earliest astronomical phenomenon classified.  It is estimated that 30-60 stars nova each year in the milky way, although we are only able to observe about a quarter of these. (Wiki / Praialnik, Dina :Novae" pp. 1846-56).  A significant portion of these energetic stellar releases are classified as recurrent novae.

- NASA's Fermi Spots 'Superflares' in the Crab Nebula - by Francis Reddy / Goddard 11MAY11.
- Astronomers crack the Fried Egg Nebula - by University Of Manchester / Phys.org 27SEP11.
- Hibernating-Star Explosion Provided First Evidence Of Nova Cycle - by Hanneke Weitering / Space.com 17AUG16.
- A Recurrent Nova Super-Remnant - by M.J. Darnley et al / Nature 09JAN19.
- This Star Has Been Going Nova Every Year, for Millions of Years - by Evan Gough / Universe Today 19FEB19.
- Second Outburst of the Yellow Symbiotic Star LT Delphini - by Ikonnikova, Komissaraova, & Arkhipova / Sternberg Astronomical Institute 26JUN19.
- Superflares on solar-type stars from the first year observation of TESS (PDF) - by Zuo-Lin Tu et al. Nanjing University 30DEC19.
- . . . Fried Egg Nebula: Multiple shell ejections on a 100 yr timescale from a massive yellow hypergiant  - by E. Koumpia et al. / ESO 06FEB20.
- A Preferred Orientation Angle for BipolarPlanetary Nebulae - by Andreas Ritter et al. / Hong Kong University 19MAR20.  Multiple novas somehow connected.
- A Nova Outburst with No Mass Ejection - by Mariko Kato et al. / Astrophysical Journal 23MAR20.
- Solar system exposure to supernova γ radiation - by G Robert Brakenridge / Cambridge Core 04NOV20.  Setting aside the assumption that γ radiation could only have extra-solar origins and could not have come from something smaller like a local nova on our sun, this article shares solid evidence of 2 distinct events falling within their margin of error of the Gothenburg and Mono Lake timeline ranges noted below.
- Statistical Properties of Superflares on Solar-type Stars: Results Using All of the Kepler Primary Mission Data - by Soshi Okamoto et al. / astro-ph.SR 05NOV20.  3000 and 6000 year super-flare harmonics.
- You Don't Know Nova - Ben Davidson / Suspicious Observers (YT) 22JUN21.

     Given the limited timeframe that novae have been tracked, it is likely that longer periodicity repeaters have yet to reveal themselves.  It is feasible that over longer time scales most stars will be found to burst forth in a shell release now and then.  Many repeating Nova have been found to be doing so cyclically at similar intervals.  The longstanding theory is that such cycles and nova events in general are caused by the action of nearby binary stars transferring matter.  Efforts to answer the question of whether non-binary stars could also produce novae helped solidify the binary model.  (Are All Novae Binary Stars? - Kraft 1964)

     Once this concept was established, the tables were turned, and stars began becoming classified as binary with the nova being evidence of this even if spectroscopic and phase analysis did not reveal direct binary star evidence.  The definition of a Nova you will find in most places identifies a stellar binary arrangement as a premise.  "Stellar evolution of novae: Evolution of potential novae begins with two main sequence stars in a binary system . . ." wikipedia 24DEC19.

     But this is not accurate.  A nova is merely the strong, rapid increase in the brightness of a star.  The binary mechanism for producing a nova holds that the accumulation of additional material from a handy companion star causes instability on the star, a bright flash, and a shell release.  But there is nothing in the model that precludes solitary stars from doing the same thing by capturing materials over time from sources other than a nearby companion star.  A companion star offers an obvious means to achieve rhythmic interval Nova releases by delivering matter at a regular rate.  Again though, this does not rule out cyclical nova being caused by other stellar behaviors that might cause a star to get injected with material at a regular rate or regular intervals.  When a solar body simply encounters a busy area of the galaxy where matter is accumulated such as a stellar nursery nebula, asteroid / comet fields this could generate a Nova.

    No nova cycle from a solo star has yet been explicitly identified.  This may be because it is not currently possible to prove the absence of a binary at current observation resolutions - i.e. To declare that a star definitively does not have a binary companion.  It is also worth remembering that we are limited to only the past few centuries of observations, so longer period nova instances and cycles would not yet be evident. 

    Stars possess various cyclical behaviors not related to the accumulation of additional matter which can be involved in energetic outbursts.  A number of such cycles have been identified in the behavior of our own Sun, the most famous of which is the 11 year pole flip and correlated sunspot cycle which has a well established relationship to frequency and intensity of CMEs and Solar Flares.  Various other cycles have been identified and hypothesized:  Gleissburg Cycle 87 years, Suess Cycle 210 years, Halstatt cycle 2,400 years, Heinrich Bond 6,000 years.  Very short pulse-like undulations are found on our star as well in the form of specifically 3 and 5 minute sunspot umbra oscillations.  These patterns demonstrate that the Sun behaves in many ways like a clock and that various apparently internally regulated cyclical behaviors can and do take place on our Sun. (NASA Solar Cycle Primer, SO Sun Series, Quantitative impact of astronomical and sun-related cycles on the Pleistocene climate system from Antarctica records - by Paolo Viaggi et al. / Science Direct (Accepted for October 2021 publication in Quaternary Science Advances Volume 4) 28JUN21.)

    So on the question of whether it is feasible our Sun has gone nova in the past and might do so again, the answer seems to be yes based on the best current models, provided the Sun is able to accumulate the requisite materials.  The cyclical phases for which we have ample evidence offer a viable mechanism.  External actors to the solar system might be the cause of cyclical outbursts.  Modulation in waves across the galactic energy sheet could be the trigger.  Or perhaps the Sun once produced a nova regularly but does so no longer having lost or eaten its companion.  Maybe something jostled the planets around in a Velikovskyesque fashion and the binary that once fueled a cyclic Sun nova is just hiding out now as one of the planets.  Jupiter or Saturn might've been big enough once.

    Relevant to the discussion to follow, unique among these suggestions, the 6000 year Heinrich Bond cycle offers a tie in to a 12,000 year cycle based on geomagnetic excursions and catastrophe evidence.  Its harmonics also tie into 1,500 year volcano eruption cycles.  (The 1500 Year Volcano Cycle - Ben Davidson / Suspicious Observers (YT) 29JAN22.)  We shouldn't have to wait too long to find out if we're on the right track.  If the Heinrich Bond cycle turns out to be our global catastrophe clock, this puts us at minutes or maybe even seconds to midnight.

    Crust Displacement - Crust displacement theory was a widely discussed idea in the 50's through the 70's.  This theory is the premise of the film 2012.  What it postulates is a destabilization in the low velocity zone (Kent C. Condie / 2011) between the Earth's crust and the mantle (Volcanic Eruptions and Solar Activity Richard B. Stothers 10DEC89).  The idea is that due to the glacial weight of Earth's polar icecaps and Greenland, the crust would re-orient cataclysmically, drastically shifting Earth's surface riding upon a molten low velocity zone over the separate rotation of the Earth's core and mantle, swinging the heavy icecaps toward the equator the same way a curve ball behaves with a stick of gum attached.  That gum goes to the spinning baseball's equator stabilizing the spin, and if the umpire is overtly woolgathering, 2 pieces of gum on opposite sides, like polar icecaps, will have an even more pronounced effect locking themselves to the equator of the baseball.  Earth's icecaps would love to go to the equator due to Earth's rotational force.  The glue betwixt the crust and the mantle and the theoretically immutable spin of the core is what's stopping them.  It should be noted there is evidence that sometimes the core itself generates geomagnetic jerks.

    And there's more . . . beginning in 2020, the core inexplicably stopped dragging the speed of earth's days slightly slower each year as was the trend since this was measurable.  Now that the core has shifted into higher gear.  It has been speeding the rotation of the earth into shorter days.  Such a fundamental rotation change stress alone might be expected to effect the stability of the cementing structures down below and perhaps increase the potential for crust displacement.

- Charles Hapgood: The Earth's Shifting Crust,1958 | Maps Of The Ancient Sea Kings, 1966 | The Path Of The Pole, 1970
- wiki  |
- Geomagnetic Secular Variation as a Window on the Dynamics of Earth's Core - by Edward Bullard Lecture / AGU (YT) 23DEC10.
- What direction does Earth's center spin? New insights solve 300-year-old problem - University of Leeds via Science Daily 16SEP13.
- Earth’s Mantle, Not Its Core, May Have Generated Planet’s Early Magnetic Field - by Scripps Oceanography 05MAR20.  In fact, if the Earth's core works the way it is supposed to in current models, our magnetic field should be a whole lot stronger.
- Tug of sun, moon could be driving plate motions on ‘imbalanced’ Earth - by Talia Ogliore / Washington University in St. Louis via The Source 21JAN22.  "The intertial response of our high-spin planet with its low-velocity zone is ~10 cm yrˉ¹ westward drift of the entire lithosphere, which largely dictates plate motions."
- Geomagnetic secular variation consequences on the trajectories of radiation belt trapped particles - by Alvaro R. Gutierrez Falcón et al. / Astrophys Space Sci 367,59 (2022) 06JUN22.
- Inner Core Rotation Captured by Earthquake Doublets and Twin Stations - by Yi Yang, Xiaodong Song / AGU 14JUN22.

    The Earth crust displacement theory as described by Charles Hapgood and initially supported by Albert Einstein was debunked using magnetic polarity analysis of rock fields and oceanic ridges (wiki) where the slow generation of new crust has left a history of the Earth's polarity including cyclical magnetic pole flips called geomagnetic reversals (wiki).  This alignment analysis showed little deviation over millions of years aside from the polarity flips and did not support the notion that the poles have ever migrated in the 40˚ manner predicted by Hapgood.  Thus the theory was kicked to the curb.  This analysis has been later corrected, with the new figures dramatically changing the alignment findings and raising questions about the validity of the original debunking.  Aside from the magnetic alignment debate, it should also be noted that Albert Einstein later rejected the crust displacement theory on the basis that the icecaps do not possess enough mass.

    This might have been the end of the story were it not for a recently declassified variation of the theory titled The Adam And Eve Story - by Thomas Chan / CIA (Glowie alert: Think b4u click - this link is to the actual CIA) which suggests that these crust displacements tilt the earth's surface 90˚, that it happens rapidly, and each event is then followed by a return to the original position at the next cycle.  These changes might not be evident in the oceanic ridge polarity studies.  Bottom line, this classified version of crust displacement theory has never been tested or debunked - at least not publicly.  Yet, over the decades while the theory has been classified, other evidence has come along.

Ben Davidson / S0 News: CIA Covered Up Earth's Catastrophe Cycle 13APR23.

   Nova Evidence On The Moon - Our first piece of evidence takes us to the Moon, which of course would be affected by a Sun nova too and should provide insights.  The prediction is that the flash of the nova would bake the Sun facing side of the moon red.  Sure enough, Moon surface vitrification was found in abundance in samples where rocks and minerals are melted and glazed.  It should be noted that the age of these samples is heavily debated.  (Apollo 11 and 12 Fines George Mueller/MIT 1971).

    Another prediction is that following the flash cooking of the Sun facing side of the moon, the surface would be peppered with a layer of dust called micro-tektites from the nova material itself.  But unlike the earth with our active geology which would churn these into the sediments of the aftermath and then cover them up, on the moon they should still be distributed near the surface from the last nova.  Ubiquitous glass beads are indeed found in Moon surface samples.  These same beads have been found all over the Earth as well in sediments. Tektites in action: Multi-wavelength View Of A Supernova Remnant NASA/JPL  SiO₂=Glass beads.

    The mainstream interpretation of the fission tracks found in nearly all of the samples tested for them focuses on age determination calculations assuming the fission tracks are from long term exposure to cosmic ray strikes or other causes (Track Exposure And Formation Ages Of Some Lunar Samples / Max Planck Institut).  In an Apollo 17 sample, the official estimate is that the surface sample remained undisturbed for 11.7 million years prior to collection. (Apollo 17 Particle Track Studies / Berkeley)  However, Douglas Vogt, an ardent proponent of cyclical Sun nova theory, argues that it is absurd to think the surface of the moon has remained undisturbed for that long and that the thicker and longer fission tracks found in these beads are from heavier elements (Aluminum 26, Berylium 10, Oxygen 18 & 16, Magnesium 26, Iron 60, Thorium 230 etc.) which could only have been formed in the relativistic conditions of a stellar nova.  (Glass Micro-beads From The Sun by Diehold Foundation)

    What's Ahead? - It seems likely the Sun has probably had a nova as we commonly see with other stars in the galaxy.  There is a lot of evidence earth and it's neighbors have been exposed to nova materials in the past.  But do we see very large solar outbursts on roughly a 12,000 year cycle?  Ben Davidson has a very interesting theory based upon ripples in our galactic energy sheet which places us in the immediate timeframe for the next one.  He's established a progression seen from the inside of the galaxy moving toward our sun of abnormal flaring perhaps riling up stars on the way here.  This is a worrisome observation.  In addition, many of the planets in our solar system do seem to be exhibiting unusual behaviors.  Back here on Earth, various unusual electro-magnetic phenomenon have been noted that may be relevant.  These include increased ground to sky lightning, polar lightning storms with record strike counts, and lower latitude auroras.  If you think Ben might be right, you probably should get a physical copy of his textbook.  Things written in 1 and 0 may not be handy for quite some time after the sun goes kablooey if he turns out to have nailed it.  (Disaster Cycle Playlist - Ben Davidson / Suspicious Observers (YT), Rare red auroras explode over northern US and Europe with more on the way - by Tereza Pultarova / Space.com 17FEB23, Red Auroras Over Florida - by Hartmann352 / LiveScience 26MAR23.)

     Regarding earth tilting, there are other aspects to consider.  Ice Age cycles and our understanding of geological glacial scarring is key.  The scouring and re-scouring of the land during glaciation leaves traces in the rubble.  Reconstructions for ice ages indicate that the orientation of the earth relative to the sun has not dramatically changed.  Instead, the ice shows up where it should be, assuming one accepts mainstream continental drift theory.  It should be noted that continental drift theory uses fossil evidence in the geological record as a primary pillar in continental drift mapping, rather than glaciation though the glacial record supports continental drift also. (Continental Drift - National Geographic)   In the current era, our orientation has remained seemingly in the same position throughout the glacial scouring from the most recent ice age showing no evidence of the earth tilting going back 120,000 years.  However, dinosaur habitats are being adjusted to reflect evidence some were warm blooded.  This may lead to new interpretations about which species could have survived in what climates, adding further uncertainty to the orientation of the earth during Pangea's breakup and as the continents drifted apart.  (The rise and fall of Ice Age glaciers - by NASA / JPL 25MAR19.)

     Another problem with global crust displacement is that the Earth, isn't really round.  (Strange But True: Earth Is Not Round by Scientific American / Charles Q. Choi 12APR07)  Given that the earth and the other planets are not really round like the sun mysteriously is, this does pose challenges to the notion of very rapid displacement concepts.  The improving picture we are getting about the earth's interior with its rigid-seeming skeleton-like abnormalities adds another kind of friction a surfing crust would have to overcome or ride above.  Yet now we have strong evidence of global displacement currently drifting our crust over the mantle 10 centimeters a year.  If the crust already can move like that, it could move like that faster and in different directions.  This seems increasingly feasible.

    It should be noted that being baked by a nova flash, covered in debris or shaken by crust displacement aren't the only theoretical catastrophic effects we might experience from a solar outburst.  Measurable abrupt changes to the earth's rotation and wobble are already a well established phenomenon able to be caused by major solar storms.  A bigger boom from our Sun like a Nova could change earth's wobble and rotation in ways which could result in winds, waves, tectonic shifts and eruptions of epic proportions.  Swarm helps explain Earth’s magnetic jerks - by Swarm / ESA 01MAY19.

   There is a separation between a nova flash and following deposition of materials days later.  The uncertain speed of the material and therefore the timing of arrival, means earth might either receive a double whammy on the same side, or a a one-two punch on different sides of the globe.  They say variety is the spice of life right?  Nova could happen relatively frequently at a scale limited to potential catastrophic conditions only on the Sun flash facing side of the earth, or in the material deposition bow shock window.  This could explain a lack of more universal population bottlenecks with some continents remaining relatively unscathed.  A range of effects might be possible depending on the ferocity of the outburst.  For all we know, a Nova from our Sun may only be a few orders of energetic magnitude beyond established solar outburst estimates for the Carrington and Charlemagne events.

• A Super Solar Flare - NASA 06MAY08.

• Could an extremely powerful solar flare destroy all the electronics on Earth? - by Jonathan Strickland / How Stuff Works 15DEC09.

• ... Sun as likely source of eighth-century Charlemagne event - by University Of Kansas / Phys.org 30NOV12.

• How a Solar Flare Almost Triggered a Nuclear War in 1967 - by AveryThompson 10AUG16.

    A major CME outburst like either of these events would have a profound effect on electric grids, GPS, air travel, space travel, and even directly on human health.  These were things humans didn't really start relying on or having to care much about until the last century.  Other than the health bit, that is.  And, well, there just wasn't a whole lot of that to go around more than a century or so ago generally.  These days, such an outburst could fry every electrically conductive item (except possibly those in faraday cages), and cause devastating effects to infrastructure.  During the Carrington event, telegraph machines reportedly caught fire even when not connected, so major fires seem a likely immediate problem if a major solar pop juices up the grid.

    #1 place not to be if the sun gets super frisky?  Anywhere remotely downwind or in the blast radius of a nuclear plant.  Rods need cooling and cooling needs pumps and pumps need electricity and electricity needs wires that didn't just melt.  An entire region of melt downs could be a horrific worst-case.  Setting nukes aside . . . electric water pumps which provide water pressure in most regions could go offline, exacerbating the general fire devastation and generating another threat to any lucky survivors shortly afterwards: thirst.  Followed soon after by sanitation problems and by food and medicine spoilage leading to hunger and illness due to loss of refrigeration capability.  Modern cities with no electricity for more than a few weeks are at best struggling under a desperate leader, and more often devolved into violent chaos.  A major CME or something juicier like a Nova could destroy the ridiculously expensive and difficult to manufacture giant transformers at the heart of the electric grids and bring the world's complex distribution networks for even basic necessities to a grinding halt.  It might be months or years before electric humanity could come back online.

    Electric grids are at risk from even less severe solar perturbations.  In addition to ground current overloads, even if these can be managed, the interconnected grids are reliant upon GPS.  Regional grids must synchronize phase and frequency and they use GPS to do it.  GPS has also become vital for cell phones, navigation, logistics networks and shipping, financial trading and even critical internet backbone and data network server clocks.  And of course, among the most vulnerable services to solar outbursts is GPS.

- Space Station Crew Safe From Sun's Wrath as Flare Strikes - by Tariq Malik 06AUG10.
- Solar Shield--Protecting the North American Power Grid - by Dr. Tony Phillips / NASA 26OCT10.
- Solar Flare This Week Illuminated Power Grid's Vulnerability - by Peter Behr, Climate Wire / Scientific American 09JUN11.
- Solar Storm Leaves GPS Service Intact - by GPS 14MAR12.
- How Solar Storms and Nukes Threaten the Power Grid - by Miriam Kramer / Space.com 24MAY13.
- Space Weather: How to Avoid Grid Disruption and Transformer Damage from Solar Flares - by Dom Corsi and Paul Griffin / PowerGrid.com 07MAR17.
- NASA Captures Strongest Solar Flare in a Decade This morning, the sun emitted two X-class flares, disrupting GPS and radio signals - by Jason Daley / Smithsonianmag.com 06SEP17.
- Here's What Would Happen if a Solar Storm Wiped Out Technology as We Know It - by Peter Dockrill / Science Alert 21JUN18.
- Rare ‘superflares’ could one day threaten Earth - by Daniel Strain / University Of Colorado 10JUN19.
- Superflares on solar-type stars from the first year observation of TESS - by Zuo-Lin Tu, Ming Yang, Z.J.Zhang, F.Y.Wang / TESS 25DEC19.
- Could We Live Without GPS? - by Curious Droid / YT 30DEC19.
- New Geoelectric Hazard Map Shows Potential Vulnerability to High-Voltage Power Grid for Two-Thirds of the US - by USGS 16MAR20.
- Solar flare hurls plasma bomb causing shortwave radio blackout in eastern Australia and all of New Zealand - by Strange Sounds 24NOV20.
- Trump signs Space Policy Directive-7 on improving GPS cybersecurity - by Samantha Mathewson / Space.com 19JAN21.

    At a minimum, contingency plans to handle a devastating CME are worth formulating with measures taken to harden vital infrastructure.  Perhaps plans to manage an event like a Nova should be made too.  It seems feasible that this is indeed already happening as DARPA's involvement in tunneling and bunker testing appears to be ever-increasing.  Why Is DARPA Looking for Local Underground Spaces in Such a Hurry? by Kalina Newman / Washingtonian 29AUG19.

    It also appears the military has taken a keen interest in GPS in recent years.  Navy exercise near Florida to cause widespread GPS interference - by Dylan Gresik / Military Times 17JAN20.  Perhaps they are wise enough to have rapid GPS redeployment strategies in the works.  Something like a SpaceX multi-orbiter deployment might do nicely.  SpaceX Launches 60 Starlink Satellites, Nails Rocket Landing in Record-Breaking Flight - by Amy Thompson 07JAN20.  If we were really smart, we'd have a couple of spare GPS systems sitting in giant faraday cages ready to go in case we need them.

    Regardless of the odds of such a doom visiting us on a given day, what is certain is that the narratives and agendas involved in Solar Nova and Crust Displacement discussions make finding objective information challenging, and earn this topic the silver medal for providing the 2nd most rabbit-hole laced sci-fi I've dug into - with of course anthropogenic global warming earning the gold.  Thing is, this one's starting to look a bit more like sci each time I update the page.

Ben Davidson / S0 News: Earth Disaster is Coming | ALL The Evidence  08MAY23.

- 1st Image: G K Persei Mini Super Nova by X-ray: NASA/CXC/RIKEN/D.Takei et al; Optical: NASA/STScI; Radio: NRAO/VLA [Public Domain] Link
- 2nd Image: Charlie Frost Animation from the film 2012 by Columbia Pictures [Fair Use] Link
- 3rd Image: Blood Moon by Mark Gillow [CC2.0] Link
- 4th Image: Antarctica by Dave Pape [Public Domain] Link
- 5th Image: Earthfire by Max Pixel [Public Domain] Link
- 6th Image: Cheyenne Mountain by U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Thomas J. Doscher [Public Domain] Link

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